🔧 Core Technology: Transistors
- Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable.
- Transistors generated less heat and consumed less power.
- Enabled faster processing and reduced system failures.
🖥️ Key Characteristics
- Size: Smaller and more compact than first-generation computers.
- Speed: Faster operations, measured in microseconds.
- Programming: Used assembly language and early high-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL.
- Input/Output: Punch cards, keyboards, and line printers.
- Reliability: More dependable with fewer breakdowns.
- Cost: Lower operational costs compared to first-gen machines.
🧠 Memory & Storage
- Used magnetic core memory for primary storage.
- Secondary storage included magnetic tapes and disks.
- Improved data access and reliability over drum memory.
🧪 Applications
- Scientific research and complex calculations
- Business data processing and record keeping
- Government and military operations
🧑🔬 Notable Examples
| Computer | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| IBM 1401 | 1959 | Popular business computer with magnetic core memory. |
| IBM 7090 | 1959 | Mainframe for scientific and military use. |
| UNIVAC 1108 | 1962 | Used for scientific and engineering applications. |
| CDC 1604 | 1960 | One of the first successful transistorized computers. |
| Burroughs B5000 | 1961 | Advanced architecture for business data processing. |
✅ Advantages
- Smaller size and better portability
- Greater reliability and fewer failures
- Lower power consumption and heat generation
- Faster processing and improved accuracy
- Support for high-level programming languages
❌ Disadvantages
- Still required cooling systems
- Frequent maintenance needed
- High manufacturing costs
- Limited to specific applications
- Relied on punch cards for input