🔧 Core Technology: Microprocessors
- Introduced microprocessors, which integrated thousands of transistors on a single chip.
- Used VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology for compact and powerful computing.
- Enabled the development of personal computers (PCs).
🖥️ Key Characteristics
- Size: Much smaller and portable than previous generations.
- Speed: Processing speeds measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS).
- Programming: Supported high-level languages like C, C++, Java, Python.
- Input/Output: Keyboards, mice, touchscreens, printers, and monitors.
- Reliability: Highly dependable with minimal hardware failures.
- Cost: Affordable for homes, schools, and businesses.
🧠 Memory & Storage
- Used semiconductor memory like RAM and ROM.
- Storage devices included hard drives, floppy disks, CDs, and USB drives.
- Massive increase in storage capacity and speed.
🧪 Applications
- Personal computing and home use
- Business operations and office productivity
- Scientific research and engineering
- Gaming, multimedia, and internet access
🧑🔬 Notable Examples
| Computer | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| IBM PC | 1981 | Standardized personal computing with microprocessor architecture. |
| Apple II | 1977 | Popularized home computing and educational software. |
| Macintosh | 1984 | Introduced GUI and mouse-based interaction. |
| CRAY-1 | 1976 | Supercomputer used for scientific simulations. |
| Altair 8800 | 1975 | Early microcomputer that inspired hobbyist computing. |
✅ Advantages
- Compact, portable, and energy-efficient
- Affordable and widely available
- Support for advanced operating systems and GUIs
- High-speed processing and multitasking
- Enabled networking and internet connectivity
❌ Disadvantages
- Complex manufacturing of microprocessors
- Security vulnerabilities due to widespread use
- Rapid obsolescence of hardware and software
- Environmental concerns from electronic waste